the grammatical structure (subject + object + verb)
the particules (wa, ga, wo, ni...)
memorizing the vocabulary (too different from other languages)
the untranslatable cultural words (irasshaimase, ojama shimasu...)
the verbs forms (-rareru, -te, -ttara...)
the politeness levels (keigo...)
the writing (especially the kanji)
understanding katakana words
the pronuciation
other (non listed, please specify)
It has got to be the listening due to the vast number of homonyms... you really have to catch the meaning of the words from context. And since ppl tend to speak very fast (esp among elder men), once you can't the meaning of the keyword, the entire sentence becomes a loss.
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